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Q. What is a top-level domain or TLD?

A. It is the suffix of a domain name. A top-level domain can be based on the type of organization like .com, .edu, .museum, .name, etc or it can be a country code like .uk, .de, .jp, .us, etc. The top-level domain can also be used to identify the type of web site.

It is the highest-level domain in the Internet's DNS hierarchy. A top-level domain or TLD is the normally last part of an Internet domain name. The domain names are not sensitive to case.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority or the IANA currently classifies top-level domains into three types:

* The country code top-level domains or the ccTLD, which is used by a country or a dependent territory. It is actually the last two letters long, for example .jp for Japan.

* The generic top-level domains or gTLD which is used by , atleast in theory, by a particular class of organizations for example, com for commercial organizations. It is usually three or more letters long. Most of the gTLDs are available for use worldwide, but for historical reasons .mil or military and .gov or governmental are restricted to use by the respective U.S. authorities. The gTLDs are subclassified into sponsored top-level domains or sTLD, e.g. .aero, .coop and .museum, and un sponsored top-level domains (uTLD), e.g. .biz, .info, .name and .pro.

* The infrastructure top-level domains which are the top-level domain .The arpa is the only confirmed one. .root has also been known to exist without reason.

In the past the Internet was just one of many wide-area computer networks available. Computers that were not connected to the Internet, but connected to another network such as BITNET, CSNET or UUCP, could generally exchange e-mail with the Internet via e-mail gateways. When they were used on the Internet, addresses on these networks were often placed under pseudo-domains such as bitnet, csnet and uucp however these pseudo-domains were not real top-level domains and did not exist in DNS.

Most of these networks have long since ceased to exist, and although the UUCP still gets significant use in parts of the world where Internet infrastructure has not yet become well-established, it subsequently transitioned to using Internet domain names, so pseudo-domains now largely survive as historical relics.

The anonymity network Tor has a pseudo-domain onion, which can only be reached with a Tor client because it uses the Tor-protocol or onion routing to reach the hidden service in order to protect the anonymity of the domain.

RFC 2606 reserves a following four top-level domain names for various purposes, with the intention that these should never become actual TLDs in the global DNS. They are :

* Example is reserved for use in examples
* invalid is reserved for use in obviously invalid domain names
* localhost is reserved to avoid conflict with the traditional use of localhost
* test — reserved for use in test

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